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This example shows how to simulate a battery pack consisting of multiple series-connected cells in an efficient manner.
It also shows how a fault can be introduced into one of the cells to see the impact on battery performance and cell temperatures.
For efficiency, identical series-connected cells are not just simply modeled by connecting cell models in series.
Instead a single cell is used, and the terminal voltage scaled up by the number of cells.
The fault is represented by changing the parameters for the Cell 10 Fault subsystem, reducing both capacity and open-circuit voltage, and increasing the resistance values.
This example shows a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) used for power oscillation damping.
The Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), one of the key FACTS devices, consists of a voltage-sourced converter and a transformer connected in series with a transmission line.
The SSSC injects a voltage of variable magnitude in quadrature with the line current, thereby emulating an inductive or capacitive reactance.
This emulated variable reactance in series with the line can then influence the transmitted electric power.
The SSSC is used to damp power oscillation on a power grid following a three-phase fault.
This example shows the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Stack model feeding an average value 100Vdc DC/DC converter.
Description
The nominal Fuel Cell Stack voltage is 45Vdc and the nominal power is 6kW. The converter is loaded by an RL element of 6kW with a time constant of 1 sec. During the first 10 secs, the utilization of the hydrogen is constant to the nominal value (Uf_H2 = 99.56%) using a fuel flow rate regulator. After 10 secs, the flow rate regulator is bypassed and the rate of fuel is increased to the maximum value of 85 lpm in order to observe the variation in the stack voltage. That will affect the stack efficiency, the fuel consumption and the air consumption.
Fuel cell voltage, current, DC/DC converter voltage and DC/DC converter current signals are available on the Scope2. Fuel flow rate, Hydrogen and oxygen utilization, fuel and air consumption, and efficiency are available on the Scope1.
Simulation
At t = 0 s, the DC/DC converter applies 100Vdc to the RL load (the initial current of the load is 0A). The fuel utilization is set to the nominal value of 99.56%. The current increases to the value of 133A. The flow rate is automatically set in order to maintain the nominal fuel utilization. Observe the DC bus voltage (Scope2) which is very well regulated by the converter. The peak voltage of 122Vdc at the beginning of the simulation is caused by the transient state of the voltage regulator.
At t = 10 s, the fuel flow rate is increased from 50 liters per minute (lpm) to 85 lpm during 3.5 s reducing by doing so the hydrogen utilization. This causes an increasing of the Nernst voltage so the fuel cell current will decrease. Therefore the stack consumption and the efficiency will decrease (Scope1).
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1742-5526